Question 1
Statements:
All instruments are ornaments.
All ornaments are appliances.
Conclusions:
I. All instruments are appliances.
II. Some appliances are instruments.
Venn Diagram Method:
Draw three circles for instruments, ornaments, and appliances.
Step 1: "All instruments are ornaments" → Circle of instruments completely inside ornaments
Step 2: "All ornaments are appliances" → Circle of ornaments completely inside appliances
Step 3: Result: instruments ⊂ ornaments ⊂ appliances
Analytical Method (A + A = A):
All instruments are ornaments (A) + All ornaments are appliances (A) = All instruments are appliances (A)
Verification:
✓ Conclusion I: "All instruments are appliances" - FOLLOWS (direct rule application)
✓ Conclusion II: "Some appliances are instruments" - FOLLOWS (if all A are C, then some C are A)
Answer: Both conclusions I and II follow
Draw three circles for instruments, ornaments, and appliances.
Step 1: "All instruments are ornaments" → Circle of instruments completely inside ornaments
Step 2: "All ornaments are appliances" → Circle of ornaments completely inside appliances
Step 3: Result: instruments ⊂ ornaments ⊂ appliances
Analytical Method (A + A = A):
All instruments are ornaments (A) + All ornaments are appliances (A) = All instruments are appliances (A)
Verification:
✓ Conclusion I: "All instruments are appliances" - FOLLOWS (direct rule application)
✓ Conclusion II: "Some appliances are instruments" - FOLLOWS (if all A are C, then some C are A)
Answer: Both conclusions I and II follow